The article being reviewed in this essay, Essays

The article being audited in this paper, Essays The article being audited in this paper, Essay The article being audited in this paper, Essay The article being audited in this exposition, ‘Land Tenure Insecurity and Inequality in Nicaragua’ by Rikke J Broegaard, was written in September 2005 as an examination paper for the Danish Institute for International Studies. It speaks to the duration of research work did by Broegaard in this field. In reality, it was the competent nation of his PhD inquire about. To be sure, in my opinion, the most fascinating aspect of this review is to think about the improvement of the two techniques and musings from Broegaard’s prior work. In this manner in this exposition, I will be taking a gander at an article carbon monoxide composed by Broegaard in 2002, and will be looking all the more carefully at how his work has created. To modestly reevaluate this article, it is important to the full comprehend the recorded setting of this exploration, and I will look to make this quickly toward the start of this paper. At the core of this issue is the land confiscated under the Sandinista specialists law that pronounced a bit of possessions deserted if the owner was off for a half year or progressively, a quarter of a year if the owner went to the USA. The Sandinista specialists made land proprietorship for the hapless a priority through the 1980’s, and under their territory Torahs, land was allocated 200,000 of the country’s least fortunate family units by the way of 30ft ten 15ft mystery plans. Tragically, the specialists neglected to flexibly rubrics to the land. At the point when the Sandinista specialists fell in the 1990 races, the full framework disintegrated. Past landholders, who had fled Nicaragua, came back to the state to repossess the belongingss which they had relinquished. The authoritiess who have followed the Sandinistas into power have entirely neglected to choose the land issues. For sure the situation seems to hold become more harum scarum than ever. As has been expressed via Carol Hartman, â€Å"Nicaragua’s long haul stableness could rely upon choosing this prickly issue.† ( 1 ) This has non occurred. Blending to Mark Everingham: â€Å"The triumph of Arnoldo Aleman and the wide confederation in October 1996 raised good faith among 1000s of petitioners who were disillusioned with the Chamorro government’s ability to suit Sandinista objectives.† ( 2 ) This good faith was brief. New Torahs on things rule law brought in February 1998 fell into anarchy when the Supreme Court found that the specialists agency had approved the arrival of belongingss effectively named to different gatherings. Inquirers had to indict their examples altogether through the courts. The situation was skillfully portrayed by Mark Everingham in his article: â€Å"The unexpected union of discretionary popular government and neo-liberal guidelines push the foundation of effects into an opposition between resurgent appropriated inclusions and troubled Sandinist constituents.† ( 3 ) The situation has non genuinely changed to this twenty-four hours. Over shadowing this entire method is the issue of the legitimateness of distributing rubrics without holding repaid the previous landholders. Inside this chronicled setting, Broegaard has composed this article to show and look at the detected land term of office condition of affairss of husbandmans inside various legitimate term of office condition of affairss. The review was done in three neighboring unassuming communities in south western Nicaragua. In whole 349 families were considered using a mix of quantitive and qualitive techniques. The gathering picked to examine were chosen to represent an across the board gathering of land term of office condition of affairss and populating conditions. The overview included unassuming community pioneers, center pioneers, pioneers of the homestead laborers fellowship, neighborhood profound pioneers and the couple of prosperous and ground-breaking landholders in the nation. I was stomach muscle initio uncomfortable with the idea of remembering these gatherings for the review, seeing a power for the outcomes of a little study to go disfigured. Be that as it may, with the advantage o f knowing the past, I understood that Broegaard was looking to comprehend this issue from all situations inside the network and he was thus option to incorporate these regions inside his study gathering. On the site of the ‘Danish Institute for International Studies’ , this article is presented in the undermentioned footings: â€Å"A large gathering of husbandmans in the case dissect nation see their term of office situation as being uncertain in spite of the way that they groups a legitimate rubric to their property. The article contends that all the more going to must be paid to aspects, for example, disparities of riches and influence, inadequacy of requirement and lack of nonpartisanship on the segment of the proper foundations when turn toing term of office security in an institutionally flimsy puting, for example, that found in Nicaragua.† ( 4 ) Broegaard has looked to achieve these results by understanding the unpredictability of the issues in topographic point, and has gotten off from the reasonable model of land term of office security which was grown primarily by monetary specialists. Broegaard states that: â€Å"Over the decennaries a re-conceptualization has developed through the incorporating of discoveries from ( legitimate ) anthropologists and history.† ( 5 ) He goes on to area that: â€Å"The re-conceptualization brings into the contention the idea that an insufficiency of single land rubrics does non needfully mean that the land term of office is unreliable, and that solitary proper rubrics may non essentially fortify term of office security.† ( 6 ) This re-conceptualization is talked about at extraordinary length by Broegaard inside this article and is extremely much at the core of the treatment nations and his choices. This new reasonable model has permitted him to recognize that â€Å"corruption, significant expenses of land rubrics and an extremely costly legitimate framework block efficacious and equivalent implementation of land rubrics, especially for hapless, minimal graduated table farmers.† ( 7 ) It has other than permits a highlight to be heaps of riches and influence among family, and the improvement of the idea that rubrics can flexibly residency security to certain families however non to other people. As a comment against what Broegaards portrays as econometric surveies, he expressed that â€Å"this point of convergence evaded the way that ; in numerous specific circumstances, title possession is non needfully compared with holding a high level of term of office security.† ( 8 ) This re-conceptualization speaks to a plentiful uprooting in complement from old articles by Broegaard, and in exceptional, an article co-written in 2002. The article entitled ‘Property Rights and Land Tenure Security in Nicaragua’ took a significantly more monetary situation of this relationship, something which is non astonishing, sing the help natural structure. In this overview, Broegaard utilized what he called captured advancement investigations. He expresses that: â€Å"Regression investigations is utilized to examine channels through which assets rights impact financial outcomes. It is discovered that conventional land paperss chop down term of office instability, increase the estimation of land, advance utilization of enduring harvests and in this manner climb collect yields. Formal rubric workss are better than set down change paperss. Land rubric has no outcome on acknowledgment, in spite of regular premises. Backing for land naming seems legitimized on both fairness and effectiveness grounds.† ( 9 ) In their choices to this article, Broegaard, Heltberg and Moller declare the adherents: â€Å"The favorable position of formal land paperss is that they chop down term of office weakness and elevate the estimation of the land. They other than give better promptings to place in the land and arraign in long haul land use, for example, turning perpetual harvests, including java. This results in better quality item. Absence of formal rubric and term of office frailty unfavorably influence smallholders, and essentially the least fortunate among them. There are consequently solid proclamations on both proficiency and value confirmations for mediations to clear up rights.† ( 10 ) The request should thus be how or for what reason did Broegaard move from a position of similar conviction sing the advantages of land naming in the 2002 article, to his place of relative uncertainty in the article under reappraisal? It could be the outcome of a total modification of perspective in the three mature ages between the two articles, however I do non accept this to be the occurrence. There is a concise implication of what was to come at the terminal of the 2002 article, when he finishes up the supporters: â€Å"However, the answer to residency security ought to non be constrained to transforming the land removal. There is other than an interest for strong and unbiased battle presentation, and implementation of effects rights, for more noteworthy stableness and authenticity of specialists foundations, and for improved governance.† ( 11 ) I accept that the answer to our request lies in the methodological examination utilized for the two articles. The removal from a financial technique for taking a gander at factual informations for accounts, to an anthropological and history based strategy for field look into has been for the most part liable for this adjustment in investigations. It is this methodological examination which shapes the grapple of this article and is its extraordinary quality. The re-conceptualization technique that Broegaard has experienced has prompted an intruding on down of what characterizes term of office security. It is no longer what we accept residency security to be, however the husbandmans ain perceptual encounters and evaluations of their term of office situation which become of import. In determining his footin

W2 BA541 Disc Identifying Customers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W2 BA541 Disk Identifying Customers - Essay Example Accordingly, the association could be deciphered as more market-driven, as opposed to client situated (Peppers and Rogers, 2010). Interestingly, Johnson and Johnson’s philosophy is basically expressed as â€Å"the values that direct our dynamic are explained in Our Credo. Set forth plainly, Our Credo provokes us to put the requirements and prosperity of the individuals we serve first† (Johnson and Johnson, 2014). Clearly, this association is client driven. The impact is in this manner showed as far as one’s trust and pledge to belittle the results of Johnson and Johnson’s increasingly through being guaranteed that they put me first in their responsibility of administration. Thusly, despite the fact that these associations are viewed as huge in scale and their volume of clients (as per items and geographic area), both Unilever and Johnson and Johnson could deal with their information as per items and even, geographic area across various nations; yet, much statistical surveying could have been attempted by Johnson and Johnson to guarantee that the requirements, drives, and requests of the clients are thought about during item improvement, propelling, showcasing, and supporting proceeded with support, in a more drawn out time

Finding a Doctor to Diagnose and Treat ADHD

Finding a Doctor to Diagnose and Treat ADHD ADHD Treatment Print Finding a Doctor to Diagnose and Treat ADHD By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 28, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on August 29, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children VOISON PHANIE / Getty Images There are many options for doctors and professionals who provide treatment for ADHD and it can feel confusing. Working with a doctor who is knowledgeable about ADHD  is important because getting the right treatment affects how well managed your ADHD symptoms are. Before you start looking for a doctor or healthcare professional, be clear  what your goal is. Do you want to be diagnosed with ADHD?  If you have already been diagnosed, what type of treatment would you like?  For example, are you looking for a professional who can prescribe ADHD medication? Or are you looking for someone who can teach you practical ways of coping with ADHD?  Knowing what your goal is will help to make your search easier.   Doctors and Health Professionals Involved in ADHD Treatment Family physicians are usually the first medical doctor you will contact regarding an ADHD diagnosis. They are qualified to diagnose ADHD; however, they usually don’t have the time to perform a detailed ADHD evaluation. Some family doctors are knowledgeable about ADHD and will prescribe medication. Others feel more comfortable referring you to other experts in their network. They can provide education and support, but they do not provide formal psychotherapy.?? Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating disorders of the mind. They are qualified to diagnose ADHD and prescribe medication if appropriate. They are typically knowledgeable about other conditions that can co-exist with ADHD, such as depression and anxiety disorders. Some psychiatrists also provide counseling, psychotherapy, support, and ADHD education.?? Pediatricians are medical doctors who specialize in children and adolescents. They are qualified to diagnose ADHD; however, they might not have time to do an extensive evaluation. They can prescribe medication and provide education and support, but they do not provide formal psychotherapy.?? Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in the brain and nervous system. A neurologist uses brain imaging and physiologic testing to find out if the ADHD symptoms are due to ADHD or another medical condition in the brain.?? A neurologist can prescribe ADHD medication but doesnt usually offer counseling and other treatments.?? They might, however, be able to refer you to people who do offer these skills.   Psychologists   A clinical psychologist usually has a Ph.D. They can provide counseling to help you with the issues of living with ADHD, such as low self-esteem and communication issues. They can also help with co-existing conditions, such as anxiety and depression.?? Some psychologists are qualified to diagnose ADHD; however, laws vary by state but in most cases, psychologists arent able to prescribe ADHD medication.?? Clinical Social Workers usually have a Masters degree and advanced training in psychotherapy. They can diagnose ADHD but can’t prescribe medication.?? Advance Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) and Registered Nurses (NPs) have Masters degrees in nursing, are Board Certified and are licensed by states to diagnose ADHD. They can prescribe medication if appropriate and provide counseling, support, and ADHD education.?? Mental Health Counselors and Therapists can diagnose and provide support, education, and counseling but do not prescribe medication.??   The Connection Between ADHD and Smokers How to Choose a Health Professional to Evaluate You The best mental health providers are well trained, approachable, non-judgmental, kind and communicate well. If you are an adult with ADHD, ask if they have experience with adult ADHD. If you are looking for a doctor for your child, inquire about their experience with kids.  Your doctor or team should be able to answer your questions, discuss your concerns, and evaluate your needs. ADHD Discussion Guide Get our printable guide for your next doctors appointment to help you ask the right questions. Download PDF Find out who specializes in the treatment of ADHD in your area.  While it would be convenient to have one professional that meets all of your needs, often you will have a small team of professionals. Each professional will provide you with the knowledge and skills they excel at. For example, you might have had a pediatrician when you were young. Then as an adult, your family doctor referred you to a psychiatrist who is very knowledgeable about ADHD medication. In addition, you see a psychologist who helps you with depression and anxiety.   Of course, over the years, your ADHD needs may change. Rather than feeling pressured to select a doctor who will be able to help you with all future problems,  look for someone who can help with the challenges that you are facing now. If you have narrowed it down to a few knowledgeable experts and still can’t decide, go with the one with whom you feel most comfortable. Having a good relationship with your doctor and health professional is also beneficial to treating and managing ADHD.   The Best Online Therapy Programs

The Effectiveness Of Celebrity Endorsements - 1761 Words

Endorsements vs Non-endorsements (word press) (The Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsements in Non-Profit Ads) Project Number: ___________ Abstract The purpose for this project is to find out how people think towards endorsements and find out if they are affected by it or not. When people choose a product how important are endorsements? When a product is endorsed by someone famous enough, it will be chosen over the non-endorsed product. First I will survey a person describing both products, then say which one is endorsed, later ask which one they prefer. Introduction When selling products endorsements tend to matter. Most well known companies are endorsed by famous young celebrities. The products may go from soda to cosmetics. Somehow this seems to matter in a person at the time of buying a product. In this project it will be tested wether people chose an endorsed product over an unendorsed one. Similar products will be shown to a person and surveyed which product they prefer. About 35+ people will be surveyed. Also different celebrities will be said that they prefer such product. I will use sources such as Amazon to search up what different products are high ranked. The answers will be recorded and compared to another product that has a lowerShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness Of Celebrity Endorsement On Consumer Brand Preference2728 Words   |  11 Pages Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Brand Preference Submitted by Aakash Pandya Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Background of the Study 3 1.2 Research Problem 5 1.3 Research Objective 6 1.4 Significance of the study 6 II. Literature Review 7 2.1 Hypothesis 8 2.2 Significance of the study 9 III Research Methodology 10 3.1 Research Design 10 3.2 Population 10 3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Method 10 3.4 Data Collection 11 3.5 Analysis and discussionRead MoreEffectiveness of Celebrity Endorsements for Non-Profit Organization7714 Words   |  31 PagesRESEARCH METHODS Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsements For Non-Profit Organization James Jun Qiang Low Ng Han Siong Derrick Bram Wijaya Peng Yang Cheng 5/28/2012 This is a research plan on how different celebrity related factors influence donor/volunteer perceptions of the non-profit organization endorsed. RBUS2900 Business Research Method Assignment 2 Part B EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This proposal is written to address the concerns of PeTA in investigating the effect that celebrity endorsers haveRead MoreCelebrity Endorsement On Consumer Behaviour1619 Words   |  7 Pageslook at celebrity endorsement, and the affects of celebrity endorsement on consumer behaviour. 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From endorsement to celebrity co-branding: personality transfer. The journal of brand management, 21(4), 273-285. doi: 10.1057/bm.2014.7 Branigan, E., Mitsis, A. (2014). Reach for Generation Y: using celebrity endorsement to communicate about nonprofit causes with young people in Australia. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 19(4)Read MoreAudi Case Study Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pageshighly likeable and believable, who endorses a brand or product. Testimonials, or endorsements, are getting common, and it is not the first time automobile engage celebrities; such as Roger Federer for Mercedes Benz (Mercedes-Benz USA 2014), Jackie Chan for Mitsubushi (Orlove 2014) and many more. The appropriate celebrity when used aptly can become a powerful branding device. The more obvious benefit for using celebrities is that their popularity can build brand awareness and entice new consumers. Also

Relationship of Virtues in the Epic Poem, Beowulf - 577 Words

According to the epic poem Beowulf, there is a close relationship between the virtues of a good king and the virtues of a good warrior and these virtues create Beowulf’s definition of courage, which is similar to Aristotle’s definition of courage. The close relationship in the definition of courage of Beowulf’s definition of courage to Aristotle’s is shown by the codes of the heroic world that guides a warrior’s life or in other words the Vikings heroic code, which is to have courage, glory, and selfless acts to protect the Lord as well as the people even when one is risking his or her life which displays loyalty. The virtues of a good warrior is described by the main heroic character, Beowulf, when he responds to King Hrothgar who has summoned him due to the fact that Grendel’s mother is now attacking the Dane’s to avenge for her son. When Beowulf, the son of Ecgtheow, speaks to King Hrothgar, he declares one of the Vikings heroic code that guides a good warriors life, which is to â€Å"†¦not grieve† but to have the courage â€Å"to avenge dear ones than to indulge in mourning† which is what Hrothgar is not doing (ll. 1384-1385). According to Beowulf, it is not right for a man as well as a warrior who is honored by many to grieve over loved ones deaths, but instead to take action by getting vengeance because if not then those who died will not be remembered and he will not gain a good and memorable reputation for he did not take any action of vengeance. Instead, a kingShow MoreRelatedBeowulf as Epic823 Words   |  4 PagesWhat makes an epic? Is Beowulf an ep ic? ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · What is an epic poem, and how does it differ from other kinds of poetry or storytelling? How have epic poems traditionally been transmitted from generation to generation? How do tellers remember these long and complicated stories? According to Robert Harris’s Glossary of Literary Terms, he defines an epic as the following: Epic. An extended narrative poem recounting actions, travels, adventures, and heroic episodes and written in a high style (withRead MoreBeowulf Is The Oldest Recorded Poem1328 Words   |  6 PagesThe epic poem, Beowulf, is the oldest recorded poem in English and at 3200 lines long, comprises roughly ten percent of the surviving poetry in Old English. Although written in this language, Beowulf focuses on the feats of the poem’s namesake Beowulf, a Geatish prince, and the invading Germanic tribes in Denmark. Understood early on in the poem, these tribes have a lengthy and powerful warrior culture; a culture heavily influenced by heroic virtues, blood vengeance, and paganism. 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This clash with Christian morals in Beowulf was in the context of pride vs. humility and selfishness vs. sacrifice. In the book, Hrothgar first explained to Beowulf thatRead MoreTheme Of Death In Beowulf1097 Words   |  5 PagesBeowulf is an anglo-saxon epic that details the life of Geat warrior Beowulf and his dealings with 3 monsters. The society surrounding this epic is one that values lineage, glory, and success. Although these values are perceived as positive, they are often the root causes of the more malicious aspects of this society: blood-feud and tribal war. It should be duly noted that the poem is bookended with two very meaningful deaths. At the beginning of the poem the death of Scyld Sheafson, founder of theRead MoreRoles Of Religion In Beowulf1369 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the story of Beowulf, the concept of religion plays a significant role. The Christianity ideology views state that man can survive and do great things through the protection of God. 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There are three basic character descriptions of Arthur. Arthur as epic hero The earliest depiction of Arthur is that of a fierce, feared warrior, capable of tremendous prowess in hand-to-hand combat. As described by a Welsh priest namedRead More Sir Gawain vs Beowulf Essay2076 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough Gawain and Beowulf share many similarities, their characters are almost complete opposites. Both aim for some sort of fame, one more than the other; differing in the way they attempt to achieve this success. Gawain remains true and looks to humility to guide him, whereas Beowulf is very prideful and selfish, loving nothing more than boasting about his virtues. Regardless, both go through tremendous changes throughout their quests, dealing with repercussions, and many challenging obstacles

Pyrite Free Essays

Pyrite is a very interesting mineral for many reasons. The name Pyrite comes from the Greek word â€Å"pyr† which means â€Å"fire,† and was named because  it was  found that sparks would fly from it if struck against another minerals like steel. In early times, this sparking ability gave people a way of creating fire, and in later times, this  ability made it popular for  use  in early firearms devices  like the wheel lock. We will write a custom essay sample on Pyrite or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today Pyrite  is called  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fools Gold†Ã‚  because throughout  history people  have mistaken it for Gold  because of  its similar visible structure, metallic surface  and brassy yellow color. The funny thing is Gold is often found  with to  Pyrite deposits. Pyrite can easily be distinguished from Gold. Pyrite  is much lighter in color and  much harder. Even though Pyrite is a fairly hard mineral, its crystals are known to  break and crumble, because it is brittle. Pyrite is common in the Earth’s crust and found in almost  every possible geological environment like sedimentary, metamorphic, magmatic and hydrothermal deposits. Pyrite’s usual crystal forms are cubic, octahedron and pyritohedron. When a cube and pyritohedron crystal combine, the  face of the cube  appear to be grooved with lines. Many times Pyrite will be found  in combinations of all these forms, but also can occur in masses, globular, radiating  or reniform. Pyrite is also commonly found  as small nodules. A mixture of this nodular  form, and are called â€Å"Pyrite Suns† or â€Å"Pyrite Dollars†,  are popular for collectors. Pyrite has the same chemical makeup as Marcasite but has a different structure, and shape. Pyrite is a polymorph of  Marcasite and it can be extremely  difficult to tell apart. The name Marcasite came from the Arabic word for Pyrite. The confusion between the two minerals is common because the jewelry  trade uses the name  Marcasite, when they are actually  selling Pyrite. Actual Marcasite can’t be used in jewelry because it is even more likely than Pyrite  to crumble into a  powder. Another mineral named Bravoite is very closely related to Pyrite,  but contains 20% more nickel. Even though Pyrite contains a high percentage of Iron and is common, it is not used as a source for Iron today. It was mined as a source for Sulfur during WWII to produce sulfuric acid. The Sulfur  component of  Pyrite was in high demand as a strategic chemical, and was found in parts of Tennessee. The Pyrite supplied them with enough sulfuric acid to get the job done. Pyrite can be used to make marcasite jewelry and it usually set in silver. Pyrite is always in the process of being created or destroyed. It is mostly a good mineral but does have its down sides. Sulfate released from decomposing pyrite combines with water producing sulfuric acid, which leads to acid rock drainage and potentially acid rain. Pyrite also has caused problems for miners. The main issue is dust explosions brought from Pyrite. To prevent these explosions the miners spray limestone on the exposed coal surfaces. Pyrite has also been known to cause some structural damage, and did so in the U. S. , Canada, and Ireland. In 2009 problems with Chinese drywall imported into the U. S. after Katrina were results of oxidation of pyrite. Stone buildings containing pyrite have been known to turn brown. Other than a few problems, Pyrite is a beneficial mineral. How to cite Pyrite, Papers

International Exchange Rates

International exchange rates are the ones used to exchange a country’s currency with another country’s currency in a particular period of time. Exchange rates influence various monetary systems in different parts of the world. Exchange rates change depending on factors related to demand and supply (Gaspar, 2011, p. 67).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Exchange Rates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, an increase in the demand of goods produced in Japan causes the Yen to appreciate while a decrease in the demand of Japanese goods will make the Yen depreciate. Low rates of inflation in an economy increase the value of the local currency while high rates of inflation in an economy decrease the value of the local currency. High interest rates in an economy increase the value of the local currency due to an increase in the amount of money deposited in banks (Melicher and Norton, 2012, p. 79). Changing exchange rates has a big impact on the amount of revenues a company obtains in a particular market. For instance, a business manager whose firm sells crude oil in the US needs to know the exchange rate of the dollar because a weak dollar will make him obtain crude oil imports at a higher price. Therefore, he/she needs to plan how his firm will withstand risks associated with changing currency rates (Brigham and Davies, 2012, p. 53). Germany, just like several European Union member countries, stopped using the Mark in favor of the euro, more than 10 years ago. The current exchange rate of the US dollar equivalent to the euro is pegged at 1 dollar to 0.76 euro. The current exchange rate of the dollar equivalent to the British pound is pegged at 1 dollar to 0.6553 pound. It is better to produce goods in the United States and ship them to Britain or Germany because most international transactions are pegged on the dollar. Graph showing exchange rate between the dollar and the euro for the last 3 years. Source: www.fxtop.com Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Graph showing exchange rates of the dollar equivalent to the sterling pound for the last 3 years. Source: https://fxtop.com/ The Chinese Yuan is not allowed to float freely in international markets and its use is highly restricted by the Chinese financial authorities. Many Chinese companies which operate internationally prefer to use the dollar instead of the Yuan in their transactions (Scott, 2012). Any firm that invests in the country is in a better position to diversify its foreign currency reserves. This will protect it from risks associated with instabilities in foreign exchange markets. References Brigham, E. F., Davies, P. R. (2012). Intermediate financial management. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Gaspar, J. (2011). Introduction to global business: Understanding the intern ational environment. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Melicher, R. W., Norton, E. A. (2012). Introduction to finance: Markets, investments, and financial management. New York, NY: Wiley. Scott, R. E (2012, August 23). The China toll. Economic Policy Institute Publication. Retrieved from https://www.epi.org/publication/bp345-china-growing-trade-deficit-cost/ This essay on International Exchange Rates was written and submitted by user Kristopher Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explain the major factors between 1928 and 1933 that enabled Hitler to come to power

Explain the major factors between 1928 and 1933 that enabled Hitler to come to power Up to 1928 there had been uncertainty in Germany, with the Wall Street crash of 1928 this uncertainty became reality as the Weimar republic fell and Hitler took power. The crushing blows of the Treaty of Versailles to Germany's economy and its public pride led to the mood of the German people becoming depressed. They were penniless, so they looked left and right for an answer to their problems. With the rise of communism and right wing socialism, democracy was steadily loosing power. With the continual use of article 48(presidents ability to overrule the Reichstag), the limited personality of leaders, the awkward policies and loss of democratic ideals, the Weimar republic was week. With the ideas of Nazi propaganda and Nazi political methods, people specifically looked at Nazism as a way out of their situation.In 1923 a group of young, so called, Nazis were ambitiously planning to take over Berlin.Karte des Deutschen Reiches, Â »Weimarer Republik/D...When their ally dropped out they decided to break into a meeting and obliterate it, this was called the Beer Hall Putsch. They were arrested and their leader, a then unknown man, named Adolf Hitler went to jail with a chain of publicity trailing behind them.The years between 1923 and 1928 were prosperous for Germany; the economy had a minor 'boom' thanks to 'the young plan'. MÂ ¼ller, chancellor at the time, put in action a plan where Germany would borrow money from America so it could secure payment on it's reparations. This was fine until the Wall Street crash in 1928 threw Germany, and most of Europe, into depression. America demanded it's loans back and Germany's economy slumped. Inflation rose to an absurd amount, people became extremely poor, and they had lost whatever small confidence they had in democracy. Hindenburg threw Muller out of his chancellorship; Muller was...

The Assembly of Athens Known as the Ecclesia

The Assembly of Athens Known as the Ecclesia Ecclesia (Ekklesia) is the term used for the assembly in Greek city-states (poleis), including Athens. The ecclesia was a meeting place where the citizens could speak their minds and try to influence one another in the political process. Normally at Athens, the Ecclesia assembled at the pnyx (an open-air auditorium west of the Acropolis with a retaining wall, orators stand, and an altar), but it was one of the jobs of the boules prytaneis (leaders) to post the agenda and location of the next meeting of the Assembly. On the pandia (All Zeus festival) the Assembly met in the Theatre of Dionysus. Membership At 18, young Athenian males were enrolled in their demes citizen lists  and then served for two years in the military. Afterward, they could be in the Assembly, unless otherwise restricted. They might be disallowed while owing a debt to the public treasury or for having been removed from the demes roster of citizens. Someone convicted of prostituting himself or of beating/failing to support his family may have been denied membership in the Assembly. The Schedule In the 4th century, the boule scheduled 4 meetings during each prytany. Since a prytany was about 1/10 of a year, this means there were 40 Assembly meetings each year. One of the 4 meetings was a kyria ecclesia Sovereign Assembly. There were also 3 regular Assemblies. At one of these, private citizen-suppliants could present any concern. There may have been additional synkletoi ecclesiai Called-together Assemblies summoned at short notice, as for emergencies. Ecclesia Leadership By the mid-4th century, 9 members of the boule who were not serving as prytaneis (leaders) were chosen to run the Assembly as proedroi. They would decide when to cut off discussion and put matters to a vote. Freedom of Speech Freedom of speech was essential to the idea of the Assembly. Regardless of his status, a citizen could speak; however, those over 50 could speak first. The herald ascertained who wished to speak. Payment for Assembly Members In 411, when oligarchy was temporarily established in Athens, a law was passed prohibiting pay for political activity, but in the 4th century, members of the Assembly received pay in order to ensure the poor could participate. Pay changed over time, going from 1 obol/meeting- not enough to persuade people to go to the Assembly- to 3 obols, which could have been high enough to pack the Assembly. What the Assembly decreed was preserved and made public, recording the decree, its date, and the names of the officials who held the vote. Sources Christopher W. Blackwell, â€Å"The Assembly,† in C.W. Blackwell, ed., DÄ“mos: Classical Athenian Democracy (A. Mahoney and R. Scaife, edd., The Stoa: a consortium for electronic publication in the humanities [www.stoa.org]) edition of March 26, 2003.

Geology Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geology - Research Paper Example An environmental geologist, to my mind, has an important role to play in keeping the planet Earth clean, green, and safe. I choose this degree for the reason that I love the Mother Earth -- this is the only place I love to live. The environmental geology might be a new science; yet, its key function provides a much brighter world for the future inhabitants of this pale-blue-dot planet. This paper will discuss the brief story, specialized field, responsibilities, and prospects of the profession called environmental geology. Brief Story Erickson remarks that the technical profession called environmental geology is a â€Å"relatively new science† (ix). Perhaps by relative he means the emergence of environmental geology as a separate discipline of geology science in the late 20th century. The rising concern of the Earth’s environmental degradation, depletion, and near destruction significantly occurred since the late-20th-century. As such, people had made important ways to prevent the utter extinction of the green planet and the human race as well. The science of geology, as it has been seen, greatly contributed and continues to contribute to the better understanding of the changing physical world. It has been argued that the Earth’s fundamental changes (e.g., change of land formation and of temperature) were the results of human miscalculated activities. Erickson notes that people are called â€Å"human volcano† for the reason that they have the power to destroy the physical environment in an instant (ix). The human-induced damages, either conscious or not, to the natural world are comparable to the long-time geologic processes (Erickson ix). But like a volcano, humans have the capacity, if there is a will, to recreate, relive, and re-empower the world in which they live. And the environmental geologist plays a vital role in transforming the natural world into something worth residing and living. Specialized Field In the field of geolog y -- as well as other natural sciences -- such area of human knowledge is becoming more specialized in the contemporary epoch. Unlike other geologists, environmental geologists have specific work activities or programs to perform. Camenson provides a list of things to do for the environmental geologists: conduct research, analyze and report, understand the issues involved, among other works (94). Camenson says that an environmental geologist has to conduct research in order to â€Å"identify, reduce, and eliminate sources of pollutants and hazards† (94). What the environmental geologist does, among others, is to study and determine certain causes of a particular environmental phenomenon. Equipped with the knowledge of the Earth, this geologist explores the sources that created a problem to the natural world -- including man’s built environment. Analysis and reportage are other job activities of an environmental geologist. The environmental geologist does the analysis f rom his or her gathered measurements and observations. Moreover, this geologist fully knows and understands the environmental issues in promoting, protecting, and enhancing the environment. Curriculum It is true to say that most geology is environmental geology in reality (Ransom and Wainwright 2), nevertheless, environmental geology as a work profession is much more focused and highly concentrated in contrast to other disciplines of geology (e.g., forensic geology). Probably the variations between the environmental

Competition, Marketing Mix, and Pricing Research Paper

Competition, Marketing Mix, and Pricing - Research Paper Example Key Characteristics of the Users Maryland General Hospital offers wide range of services to its customers with different characteristics and with different needs and requirements. The hospital is based in Baltimore City, which is the largest city of Maryland. A sharp decline can be found in the Baltimore’s poverty line. Most of the people who find themselves under the federal poverty line are moving to the suburban areas from the urban or metro cities. In the city of Baltimore, there are more than 21,000 people who are below poverty line, but recently a major decline in the rate of the poor population has taken place. Maryland General Hospital targets people from both the metro and suburban area of the Baltimore. They offer specialized premium services for the premium patients with high income level and also offer general service for the mass. They also offer different special services to different demographic strata, such as children care, senior citizen care and women care. For example, Heart catheterization is provided to adult and children separately. The Hospital offers some specialized service within the framework of women care. The Competitive Environment of the Health Care Provider The competition generally arises on one or more elements like quality, price, convenience etc. Competition eliminates the inefficiency of the players. But in case of Maryland General Hospital, there is no such price competition among the leading players in the market as 75% of total cost for the treatment of an individual is provided by the health insurance company (Kronick, Goodman & Wennberg, 1993). Different hospitals try to differentiate its services on the basis of quality. If Porter five forces model is applied for Maryland General Hospital it will be clear that most of the competitions are coming from the rival hospitals. The competition is immense for Maryland General Hospital. There are 14 hospitals in Maryland. All the hospitals provide customized services. A study suggests that 58% of the patients recommended for going again to Maryland General Hospital while 77% people recommended for going Greater Baltimore medical centre. Many people also recommended for Good Samaritan Hospital. Even in this respect the Mercy Medical Centre Inc has also got high points than Maryland General Hospital. The hospital faces quite low bargaining power from the suppliers as there are many suppliers present in the market. The timely delivery of equipment and medicines are very essential for the hospital. The hospital needs to depend highly on its suppliers to maintain goodwill in front of the customers as most of the hospitals are competing mostly on the quality and not on the price. There is no such threat from a new entrant in the market as the set up cost is very high for any new entrant and the physical evidence is the most important factor for any hospitals so the new entrant has to face a tough competition from the old players as the physical evidence is very strong of the old players. There is no such substitute in hospital’s product as it is a necessary service for all. The buyers bargaining power is also strong but as mostly the insurance company pays the bills, the bargaining power gets reduced. Tools of Marketing Mix Marketing comprises of seven elements. For the health care sector all the 7P’

The Objective Of Conducting Job Analysis

The Objective Of Conducting Job Analysis Job analysis helps in analyzing the resources and establishing the strategies to accomplish the business goals and strategic objectives. Effectively developed, employee job descriptions are communication tools that are significant in an organizations success. The main objective of conducting job analysis is to know whether the job description and job specification which was mentioned to hire right quality of work force by the company is appropriate or not. Secondly, to know whether any training is given to the employees after their recruitment to a particular specified job as if there is any confusion about what the job is and what is supposed to be done, proper training efforts cannot be initiated without knowing the specific requirements of the job are identified. Thirdly, to study the skill levels of the employees, work environment, responsibilities and required level of education as job analysis identifies the performance criteria so that it promote worker for a better performance. Finally, to study the pharmaceutical industry and its environment as the industry deals with the production it can reveal if any unsafe conditions associated with the job. Literature Review: Job Analysis is a term used by the human resource managers for the process of collecting information related to job contents compared tasks performed on the job with knowledge, skills and abilities of the jobholders (Schuman, et al, 1994). Job Analysis is a process where judgements are made about data collected on a job. Job Analysis data may be collected from the incumbents through interviews or questionnaires; the main concept of the analysis is description or specifications of the job, not a description of the person. An important concept of Job Analysis is that the analysis is conducted of the Job, not the person. Job analysis is a pattern of tasks, duties and responsibilities that can be done by a person. Job analysis seeks to study about the activity to determine the tasks, duties and responsibilities needed for each job. It is a process of gathering, analyzing and synthesizing information about jobs. According to Werther and Davis (1996) Job analysis is the process of defining the work, activities, tasks, products services or processes performed by the employees of an organisation. Henderson (1982) explained that a job analysis is a systematic exploration of the activities in a job. On the other hand, Decenzo and Robbins (1988) depicted that job analysis indicates what activities and accountabilities the job entails. It says that it is just an accurate recording of the activities involved in the job. According to Robert. B (2008) the organisation should invest time to analyse the value, mission and goals before undertaking the organizational analysis as from the organizational analysis will flow the job analysis, job descriptions and hiring protocols. Job analysis can be used for developing a variety of human performance management team. Sometimes when job analysis is inadequately conducted, it results in incomplete or inaccurate information. Cascio (1978) says that one must gather information regarding the specific job attributes and he defined the attributes into 8 segments and these are called job analysis information hierarchy. The segments are element, task, duty, position, job, job family, occupation and career. Finally, job analysis provides critically important information that will guide management in decision-making. The main purpose of the job analysis is to identify the experience, education, training and other qualifying factors, possessed by candidates for specific jobs. There are two key elements of a job analysis they are identification of major job requirements and the identification of knowledge, skills and abilities required to perform the accomplished task or job. Decenzo and Robbins (1996) have developed some basic principles concerning jobs and the process of analyzing them. The principles are: 1. All jobs can be analyzed and recorded 2. Job analysis can enhance communication among the employees in the organisation. 3. The process of job analysis can easily make changes. 4. If the job analysis process is clear then employees and employers can understand and contribute their part for the process. 5. Job analysis based on observable behaviour and work products contributes to efficient HRM. 6. Clearly everything regarding the job (job description) should be written and explained well to the employees. The job analyst gathers the data about each job but not about every person in the organisation and pass this required information to the HR specialists, who actually recruits the employees. According to Nancy (1988) recorded job information plays a crucial role because it influences most HR activities. Before collecting the information about specific jobs, employees should be informed about why the job analysis is being done. In this dissertation, the result of job analysis will be used in job evaluation and decision-making of job description. The purpose of job analysis is to elicit information pertaining to various types of jobs. The job analyst is naturally perceived by others with suspicion since his/her investigations are going to be used as the basis for job evaluation. People should be elucidated as to the purpose of the exercise, the reasons why it is necessary, what it is hoped will be achieved, ways in which information obtained will be collected and processed, and how deci sions affecting their jobs will be arrived at. Shifting the important from the trivial aspects of a job during and after analysis is really what the whole exercise is about. A common danger is to collect too much information, making it difficult to see the wood for the trees. On the whole, this is a more common pitfall than making just a cursory examination and ending up with a sketchy, incomplete picture. In making the analysis, if a fact is unimportant, it should immediately be discarded. To provide a framework on which to structure both the analysis and the information obtained, it is useful to look at the job from two points of view: first, the duties and responsibilities entailed; second, the skills and personal attributes necessary for the successful execution of that job (Myers, 1986). What an individual does and what personal attributes he needs to bring to the job provide us with the dimensions critical for making evaluative decisions between the relative worth of one job and another. The process of job analysis is much more difficult than might appear at first sight. The conventional techniques listed all have limitations (Prasad, 1997). For managerial jobs, the matter can become very complicated, and it may well be necessary to construct the analysis in terms of the criteria by which the job is to be evaluated, for example, problem-solving, accountability, and know-how. Job analysis can be misleading; therefore, the totality of a job is greater than the sum of its individual parts. Schweiger (1983) explained that recent interest in studying managerial cognitive style has led to the development and use of a variety of instruments. For the purpose of job evaluation, the evidence from job analysis should be treated with caution. Stewart (1982) worked on a model having for understanding managerial jobs and behaviour was conceived in one study and developed and applied in 3 others. Some forms of flexibility are common to many managerial jobs. The need is to move from Mintbergs (1973) roles and propositions about managerial work to an analysis that takes into account the variations in behaviour and the differences in jobs before attempting to generalize the managerial work. Kay .G (2005) says that the job evaluation acts as a tool to provide the means of assessing jobs to make an equal value decision. A major purpose for job analysis is to obtain information for a job evaluation project that may be organisation-wide or simply consist of an individual employees request for his or her job to be re-evaluated. Cascio (1995) states that there are different number of methods to study jobs. Some combination of methods must be used to obtain a total picture of the task and physical, mental, social and the environmental demand of a job. Job analysis is the process of looking at exactly what a job requires in order to determine the necessary job qualifications. Through the job analysis a jobs skills, knowledge and ability (KSA) can be defined in operational terms. This is essential if the job analysis data are to have any utility for example, it may be used for the performance assessment. Once the jobs have been sorted using the KSA level their scores are entered in to the system to get the ranking for the jobs. The jobs with less KSAs tend to be lower in the organisation than the jobs with greater KSAs; this is relevant in determining the key job elements required for the job in the organisation. Job Characteristics Model If the type of work a person does is so important, the specific job characteristics that affect productivity, motivation and satisfaction can be identified. Hackman and Oldham (1975) has developed a model to identify 5 such job characteristics and their interrelationship and they called it job characteristics model. The early research with this model indicates that it can be useful in redesigning the jobs of individuals. The 5 core characteristics of the model are: Skill Variety: The degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities so one can use a number of different skills and talents. Task Identity: The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work. Task Significance: The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people. Autonomy: The degree to which the job provides substantial freedom, independence and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out. Feedback: The degree to which carrying out the work activities required by the job results in the individual obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance. In this model first three dimensions combine to create meaningful work. That is, if these 3 characteristics exist in a job, we can predict the incumbent will view their job as being important, valuable, and worthwhile. The jobs that possess autonomy give the employee a feeling of personal responsibility for the results and if it provides feedback the employee will know how effectively they are performing. From a motivational standpoint, the model says that internal rewards are obtained by individuals when they learn that they personally have performed well on a task that they care about. Dodd and Ganster (1996) objectively manipulated job dimensions of autonomy, variety and feed back to evaluate their effect on perceptions of job characteristics and on job outcomes. In a high variety task, increased autonomy led to increased satisfaction, while in a low variety task, increased autonomy had a negligible effect on satisfaction. Saks and Waldman (1998) examined the relationship between age and job performance evaluations for newcomers recently hired into entry-level positions. They found a negative relationship between age and job performance evaluations. This relationship was eliminated after controlling for undergraduate grade average and prior work experience, operationalized as the number of jobs that a newcomer had previously held. Glick, Jenkins and Gupta (1986) compared the relative strengths of the effects of method versus substance on relationships between job characteristics and attitudinal outcomes. They compared the reports from both job incumbents and non-incumbents on job characteristics and job attitude. Substantive relationships were observed between job characteristics and effort, supporting the job characteristics model. Common method effects, however, inflated relationships between job characteristics and affective outcome, thereby supporting the social information-processing model. Gist (1987) described that self-efficacy (ones belief in ones capability to perform a task) affects task effort, persistence, expressed interest and the level of goal difficulty selected for the performance. Despite this, little attention has been given to its organizational implications. He reviewed the self-efficacy concept and then explores its theoretical and practical implications for organizational behaviour and human resource management. Taber and Peters (1991) analyzed employee perception of the completeness of a self-report, point factor job evaluation system. Complementary qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to identify characteristics of jobs, characteristics of employees and characteristics of the job evaluation procedure that affected employee perceptions of the system. Analyses indicated that the job evaluation instrument might describe some classes of jobs more completely than others. Spector, Jex and Chen (1995) examined the possibility that intervals with certain personality traits tend to be found in certain types of jobs. They examined specially correlations between two personality traits, optimism and anxiety and measures of job characteristics obtained through job analysis. The results have showed that those who were high in traits anxiety tended to be in job characterized by low autonomy, variety, identity, feed-back, significance and complexity. On the other hand those reporting high levels of optimism tended to be in jobs characterized by high levels of each of these job characteristics. Taber and Alliger (1995) described that research on job satisfaction traditionally has gathered data at the level of the overall job. As a job consists of many tasks some of which may be enjoyable, complex, and important and some not. Global and facet measures of job satisfaction were found to be consistent with, but only partially predictable from, individual task properties. Task analysis is a cumbersome process; nevertheless, by complementing traditional, global measurement procedure, task level assessment may facilitate new research into the nature of job satisfaction. Somers and Bimbaum (1998) tested the proposition that relationships among the various types of work activities are related both to the form of commitment and the facet of performance under consideration affect commitment and job performance. They suggested that job involvement was related only to performance tied to intrinsically rewarding elements of work, and career commitment was positively related to overall performance activities. These forces effect the individual organisation in different ways and can bring change in organisations. Evaluation plans used to translate job duties into relative job worth may take different forms (James, 1991). Essentially, however, the principal measuring techniques for determining relative job worth differ from one another in three ways. First, what is measured the whole job or identifiable elements of the job. Second, whether or not point values are assigned to establish quantitative measures of job value. Third, how jobs are measured against other jobs, or against a pre-described yard-stick. Application of these techniques can result in four basically different types of job evaluation plans. These are, and have been for many years, the ranking system, the classification system, point evaluation plans, and factor comparison plans. Combinations of these systems can also be used. The Ranking System The most widely used method of job evaluation is the ranking system. Under this plan, a job is ranked against other jobs, without assigning point values. Evaluators simply compare two jobs and judge which is more difficult. Once this determination has been made, a third job is compared with the first two and similar decision made. The process is repeated until all jobs have been ranked, from the most difficult to the least difficult. The greatest advantage of the ranking system is its simplicity. The evaluation process is quick and inexpensive. Also, the ranking system uses a job against-job comparison, which is the most accurate method of evaluation, because it is far easier to judge which of two jobs is more difficult than it is to judge the absolute difficulty of either. On the other hand, the system does little to guide the judgment of evaluators. There is a tendency to judge each job on the basis of its dominant characteristics, which can result in inconsistencies. In addition, it is extremely difficult to explain or justify the results of ranking to employees or managers, because there is no record of the judgements of evaluators. Finally, the ranking system can indicate only that one job is more difficult than another, not how much more difficult it is. The Point System Under the point evaluation system, various factors which measure a job are selected and defined. A separate yard-stick for different degrees of each factor is prepared. A job is then rated against every yard-stick. In essence, this is the same process as the classification system except that the job is evaluated on a separate scale for each factor. In addition, each degree of each factor has point weightings. Point evaluation systems provide a written record of judgements made. In addition, the degrees in each factor provide a guideline for judgements. Because points are assigned for each factor, each job can be given a total numeric point value, which provides a measure of how much more difficult one job is than another. The main problems of the point evaluation system are the difficulty of selecting relevant factors, of defining degrees for each factor and assigning appropriate point values. In addition, there is the problem of determining the correct number of degrees. Ideally, ju st enough degrees are established to identify minimum measurable differences in each factor. Finally, the various degree definitions must be written so as to serve as guides that are both useful and meaningful in terms of the jobs being measured in each specific company. Factor Comparison The final basic approach used in traditional job evaluation is the factor comparison system. In this system, factors must also be identified, as under the point system. Within each factor, a ranking system rather than a classification system is used. That is, for each factor, the evaluator ranks all jobs from highest to lowest. Various degrees result, but they are not defined or described. Points are assigned to each of these degrees. Factor comparison has two basic advantages. First, it uses the job-by-job comparison technique. Second, it does not involve the semantic problems encountered in defining factor degrees. However, because of the lack of definitions, it is always difficult to explain the results of factor comparison evaluations to employees or supervisors. Combination Systems In practice, most companies use combination plans. The most typical approach is to use a combination factor comparison and point system (Hartley D.E, 2004). In this way, the advantages of each system are obtained, and the difficulties of each are neutralised. In the combination system, there are five steps involved. Firstly, factors are selected and defined. These are usually the five basic factors of responsibility, authority, knowledge, skill, and working conditions. Secondly, benchmark jobs are selected and priced if they can be priced in the market, and all benchmark jobs are ranked under each factor. This includes both those which were priced in the market-place and those which were not. Ranking of market-priced jobs, however, must reflect market pay relationships. Ranking of other jobs is done primarily by comparison with jobs that have been priced. Thirdly, points are assigned to each degree of each factor on the basis of a standard system. The relative maximum weight of each factor is a function of the number of degrees established in the ranking process. Fourthly, each degree is defined. This is done in terms of the company jobs that have been ranked in each degree. Finally, all other jobs are evaluated, by comparison against degree definitions and on a job-against-job ranking system, particularly using benchmark jobs priced under each factor. Edmund .H (1996) says that new methods of pay are introduced by many companies. Each form or element of pay serves a different objective for the company. Each has evolved over time to deal with specific company needs. Each element of compensation also tends to meet different employee aspirations or objectives. The elements of compensation may be categorised in six ways. There are premium payments, bonus payments, long-term income payments, pay for time not worked, benefits, and estate building plans. Each of these elements is more applicable to some groups of employees than to others. For instance, overtime is applied only to operations persons. Long-term income plans are typically restricted to higher-paid persons. There are also non-financial rewards, which are difficult to categorise. Basically, some company characteristics represent a form of remuneration to employees. The work done and the work environment can have value, even though no monetary payments are involved.(Risher .H, 1979) Other characteristics whose value cannot readily be expressed in terms of dollars but which to the employee represent income value or remuneration include titles and various perquisites. There are, of course, many different ways in which job analysis can be tackled. Some cover the information which would normally go into a job description, and some cover the main points of a job specification (McCormick, 1980). The suggestion here is that a comprehensive job information sheet should be compiled for each job. It does not matter whether it is called a job description or job specification, provided all relevant information about the job is recorded clearly, accurately, and so far as is possible, with brevity. The critical incident technique (Flanagan, 1954) is an attempt to identify the more important, or noteworthy, aspects of job behaviour. Originally it was developed as a check-list rating procedure for performance appraisal, but its merits lend itself to other investigatory activities such as job analysis for the purpose of job evaluation. In this latter context, the idea is to highlight the critical aspects of a job which are crucial to its successful performance. It can usefully be applied to multi-task jobs as a means for establishing priorities between job elements. The diary method is a self-reporting analysis of the activities engaged in over a period and the amount of time spent on all of them, recorded in the form of a diary. It can become tedious and onerous for the job incumbent, and is probably the method most open to abuse and faking. To conduct job analysis effectively, managers have the obligation to keep all the job information up to date. It is vital that they report changes in the organisation, job assignments, and methods of work to ensure that classifications are kept current. Even when staff specialists evaluate jobs, line managers still have the basic responsibility of reviewing both the job analysis and the results of job evaluation. This review carries with it the authority to approve or appeal. Line managers have the basic responsibility for making pay decisions. Decisions must be made within the framework of policies, practices, techniques, and controls. Clearly, the individual supervisor is involved in interpreting compensation policies and applying them to many individual situations. The supervisor also has the job of gaining employee acceptance of the company evaluation and compensation programme. The supervisor is not likely to gain that acceptance unless employees understand basic policies and pr actices, and unless they perceive that the application of those policies and practices in individual situations is equitable and reasonable. Information, knowledge, programmes, and practices must be continuously reviewed and re-thought. Management of job analysis, job evaluation and compensation administration, like many other fields, requires a never ending search for excellence. Findings: The author has used the questionnaire to collect the information regarding the employees job specification and their actual job performance. From the questionnaire employees answered the author has analyzed the data in the following way. Table 1 Describes about the employees participated in the research Males 65 Females 35 Under Graduates 47 Graduates and above 53 Part-time Workers 30 Full time Workers 70 Had training on their job performance 80 No training 20 People performing single role 85 People performing more than 1 role 15 People working less than a year (new) 13 People working from more than a1/2 yrs (old) 87 The above data can be represented in chart format as below. Where, M-males FM-females UG-undergraduate G-graduate PT-part-time FT-full time T-training NT-no training SR-single role MR-many roles LT-less time MT-more time Table 2 Describes about the employees responses to the Questionnaire sent by the author on job analysis. Characteristics Very Satisfied Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Very Dissatisfied Job Description 74 24 2 _ _ Training 80 20 _ _ _ Job performance 85 13 1 1 _ Essential skills for job 70 26 1 3 _ Workload 73 21 2 2 2 Co-operation of higher officials 88 10 2 _ _ Pay and performance relation 92 5 3 _ _ Security at work place 96 4 _ _ _ Administration 69 28 1 2 _ Basic Salary 87 10 3 _ _ Physical working environment 77 20 1 1 ! Opportunity for personnel development 65 20 3 8 4 Job security 74 18 5 3 _ Job Satisfaction 86 10 1 3 _ Job duties are clear 90 6 4 _ _ Evaluation of job 78 29 2 1 _ About additional responsibilities 70 21 6 1 2 Purpose of job 77 17 5 _ 1 Job definition 92 8 _ _ _ About additional skills 73 24 2 1 _ Using the above data collected the major attributes of the research can be depicted in pie diagrams as follow: From the total findings the research the whole analysis of the company data can be plotted in to an area graph to show the employees overall feeling about their job.

Reaction Paper: Children of Heaven

The movie â€Å"Children of Heaven† is about the life of All and Sahara, two children who come from an impoverished, Muslim family. All loses his sister's only pair of school shoes, and this story is of how the two keep it a secret from their parent's, and all the things they do to keep it hidden. To me, this shows how something that's insignificant to one person, can be a big deal to someone else. Take this situation, if I were to lose my shoes, or if they got worn out, I would simply buy another pair.For others though, if their one pair of shoes got destroyed, they would repair it until it was held together entirely by glue and thread. Throwing it away would be out of the question to them. This movie made me reevaluate my life, it made me wonder about the things I was ungrateful for, for all the things I take for granted: sleeping on a mattress instead of a floor, having more shoes than I need, and having money to spare on trivial things like ice cream and whatever else caug ht my fancy.The movie showed me to appreciate the life I was even, and to show sympathy to the less fortunate, to never turn a poor man away, because he may have faced the same problems those children faced. It also taught me the value of hard work. Right now, I don't have to lift a finger, my parent's pay for everything I have. One day though, I'm going to have to earn a living, and this movie showed me how some people do so much for so little. It taught me that I'm going to have to work hard to get what I need to survive alone in this world, much like how the father of All and Sahara had to garden to feed his family.

Is Death Inevitable By William Shakespeare - 820 Words

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How Technology Has Tremendous Positive Spillover Effects...

With all different forms of green technology, the one that can end up affecting the U.S. the greatest is renewable energy. Long term, renewable energy will cost less, making energy consumption cheaper, and in turn making production increasingly cost effective. With green energy being a cutting-edge technological field, it will take a great deal of innovation and creativity to create superior green products. The United States would benefit greatly from discovering more innovative ways to produce these products and gain that lead in commercialization away from Europe. Increases in technology have immense positive spillover effects. â€Å"A technological gain in one sector of production gives people in other sectors of production, new ideas on how†¦show more content†¦Green growth perceived as a win-win situation. The independence from fossil fuels and the â€Å"scalability,† renewable energy can help with both economic and social development, especially in poor, rural, or remote areas that are lacking in energy access (Ottmar Edenhofer, 514). With green renewable technology, there are still a lot of obstacles to overcome, so it is understandable why the U.S. has remained behind. First, there’s a lack of understanding of the long-term benefits and how it would affect society as a whole. This lack of understanding result in a lot of misinformation from biased or political standpoints. The U.S. relies heavily on fossil fuels so moving people away from that is thought as a huge drop in employment and potential large scale issues in the economy. With any original technology, there is inexperience; With green technology being in the infant stage there will be a lot of trial and error. One can also see large initial costs and high marginal costs for maintenance (Europe’s Green Billions, 265). Another barrier is encouraging investment in clean energy. Generally, it is agreed that implementing a carbon tax would encourage investors to work towards cleaner fuels, nevertheless, the U.S. remains widely against additional taxes. Finally, the last obstacle is technological. With renewable energy and green technology being new, the technology is simply not as efficient as it is required